Kolleru Lake: A Shimmering Sanctuary of Biodiversity in Andhra Pradesh

 

                                           

Introduction

Tucked between the mighty deltas of the Krishna and Godavari rivers lies Kolleru Lake, a natural gem in Andhra Pradesh, India. Recognized as one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes, this wetland is not just a paradise for migratory birds but also a vital ecological hub. Rich in biodiversity, history, and cultural heritage, Kolleru Lake is a destination that blends nature’s beauty with human intervention—sometimes harmonious, often challenging.

Geographical Significance of Kolleru Lake

Kolleru Lake spans over 245 square kilometers, with a total wetland area of 302 square kilometers designated under the Ramsar Convention. Located just 15 kilometers from Eluru and about 65 kilometers from Rajamahendravaram, the lake rests within the Eluru district. It is nestled between the Krishna and Godavari river basins, fed by seasonal rivulets like Budameru and Tammileru, and linked to an extensive network of over 67 irrigation canals.

Freshwater Importance

As one of the largest shallow freshwater lakes in Asia, Kolleru plays a crucial role in maintaining the regional water table, aiding agriculture, and sustaining the surrounding wetlands and ecosystems.

A Birdwatcher’s Paradise

Declared a wildlife sanctuary in November 1999 and a Ramsar wetland of international importance in 2002, Kolleru Lake is a haven for avian life. The Kolleru Bird Sanctuary, covering 308 square kilometers, supports both resident and migratory birds.

Resident Birds

• Grey Pelicans

• Asian Openbill (Anastomus oscitans)

• Painted Storks (Mycteria leucocephala)

• Glossy Ibises

• White Ibises

Migratory Visitors (October to March)

• Siberian Cranes

• Red-crested Pochards

• Black-winged Stilts

• Pied Avocets

• Eurasian Wigeons

• Gadwalls

• Great Cormorants

• Garganeys

• Purple Herons

• Greater Flamingos

• Green-winged Teals

• Northern Pintails

• Northern Shovelers

At its peak, the lake attracted over two million birds, making it one of India’s richest bird habitats.

Historical and Cultural Importance

Traces of ancient civilizations can still be found beneath the surface of Kolleru. Archaeological discoveries, such as copper plates, link the lake to the Eastern Ganga dynasty and the Suryavamsi Gajapati rulers of Odisha during the 15th century.

Nearby lies the Peddintlamma Temple at Kolletikota, constructed by these monarchs, emphasizing the spiritual and cultural significance of the area.

The Islets of Kolleru – “Lankas”

Kolleru Lake is dotted with fertile islets locally known as lankas. These landforms, often submerged during floods, contribute to the unique geography of the lake. Their origins are attributed to an ancient earthquake, which may have also led to the unusual depression forming the lakebed.

Ecological Challenges and Environmental Degradation

Despite its ecological richness, Kolleru Lake has faced severe human-induced threats, primarily from illegal aquaculture, pollution, and encroachments.

Illegal Fish Tanks and Bunds

Thousands of illegal fish tanks have turned significant parts of the lake into aquaculture zones. Satellite imagery from 2001 revealed:

• 42% of the lake was under aquaculture

• 1,050 fish ponds within the lake

• 8.5% used for agriculture (mostly rice paddies)

• No clearly visible open water area

These unauthorized constructions block natural water flow, reduce wetland area, and affect drainage to the sea, leading to flooding and crop damage.

Pollution and Industrial Waste

The proximity of factories to the lake has resulted in the dumping of industrial waste into its waters. As the lake’s water is used for food production, this pollution poses serious health risks and contributes to the loss of ecological diversity.

Operation Kolleru and Government Interventions

In 2006, the government initiated Operation Kolleru to clear illegal encroachments and rejuvenate the lake. Though the results were moderate, the authorities have now launched Operation Kolleru 2.0, aiming for stricter enforcement and restoration.

Ecotourism and Birdwatching Spots

Kolleru Lake has tremendous potential for ecotourism in Andhra Pradesh, especially for nature lovers and birdwatchers. Several birdwatching towers and access points make it easy for tourists to enjoy the lake’s natural beauty.

Popular Access Points and Birding Towers

• Atapaka – 1.5 km from Kaikaluru

• Bhujabalapatnam – 6 km from Kaikaluru

• Pallevada – 9 km from Kaikaluru

• Kovvada Lanka – 7 km from Kaikaluru

• Murthiraju Tanks – 8 km from Nidamarru

• Gudivakalanka – 3 km from Gudivakalanka / 15 km from Eluru

• Kolletikota – 18 km from Kaikaluru

These spots are accessible by road from nearby towns and provide excellent opportunities for birdwatching and photography, especially during the migratory season.

Accommodation and Tourism Infrastructure

While the lake itself is largely untouched in terms of modern lodging, accommodation facilities are available in surrounding towns such as:

• Eluru

• Kaikaluru

• Bhimavaram

• Narsapur

• Rajamahendravaram

• Vijayawada

• Machilipatnam

Visitors are advised to plan their trips between October and March, which aligns with the bird migration season.

The Role of Local Communities

Under the Ramsar Convention, local communities like the Vaddi community have been allowed to continue traditional fishing practices. However, their activities now face increased scrutiny to ensure sustainable co-existence with conservation goals.

Future Outlook and Conservation

Kolleru Lake stands at a crossroads between preservation and exploitation. Its ecological, cultural, and touristic value demands a balanced approach from the government, conservationists, and local communities. Restoration efforts like Operation Kolleru 2.0 and stricter enforcement of wildlife laws could pave the way for a cleaner, more vibrant lake.

Conclusion

Kolleru Lake is not just a body of water—it is a living, breathing ecosystem, a symbol of biodiversity, history, and human resilience. With its rich avian life, ancient heritage, and environmental challenges, the lake tells a compelling story that resonates far beyond the borders of Andhra Pradesh. Sustained efforts in conservation and responsible tourism can help this shimmering jewel regain its rightful place as one of India’s greatest natural treasures.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Kolleru Lake

1. Where is Kolleru Lake located?

Kolleru Lake is located in the Eluru district of Andhra Pradesh, between the Krishna and Godavari river deltas. It lies about 15 km from Eluru and around 65 km from Rajamahendravaram.

2. Why is Kolleru Lake famous?

Kolleru Lake is famous for being one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes and a birdwatching paradise, attracting millions of migratory and resident birds, including pelicans, flamingos, and Siberian cranes. It is also a Ramsar wetland of international importance.

3. What is the best time to visit Kolleru Lake?

The best time to visit Kolleru Lake is between October and March, during the migratory bird season, when the lake becomes a vibrant haven for thousands of bird species.

4. How can tourists reach Kolleru Lake?

Kolleru Lake is easily accessible by road from towns like Eluru, Kaikaluru, Bhimavaram, and Rajamahendravaram. The nearest railway station is Kaikaluru, and the nearest airport is Rajamahendravaram Airport (65 km away).

5. Is Kolleru Lake a protected area?

Yes, Kolleru Lake was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1999 and designated a Ramsar wetland in 2002, giving it international conservation status.

6. What kind of birds can be seen at Kolleru Lake?

Birds commonly seen include:

• Grey Pelicans

• Painted Storks

• Glossy and White Ibises

• Asian Openbills

• Greater Flamingos

• Eurasian Wigeons

• Northern Pintails

• Siberian Cranes (rare visitors)

7. What is Operation Kolleru?

Operation Kolleru is a government initiative launched to remove illegal fish tanks, restore the lake’s natural ecosystem, and preserve bird habitats. A more recent phase, Operation Kolleru 2.0, aims to improve enforcement and environmental protection.

8. What are the major threats to Kolleru Lake?

Kolleru Lake faces threats like:

• Illegal aquaculture and encroachments

• Water pollution from nearby industries

• Blocked natural drainage

• Reduction in migratory bird populations

9. Are there any temples near Kolleru Lake?

Yes, the Peddintlamma Temple at Kolletikota village is a well-known temple near Kolleru Lake, built by the Gajapati kings of Odisha during the 15th century.

10. Is boating allowed in Kolleru Lake?

Boating is generally restricted in the core sanctuary areas to avoid disturbing wildlife. However, eco-friendly tourism initiatives may offer guided birdwatching trips in designated zones.